Screening report on 400 blows Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Screening report on 400 blows - Essay Example The story of this movie revolves around a young boy who is considered to be a trouble maker. This child is deprived of love from his parent and is constantly being shouted at by his parents, especially his mother. This movie is a semi – autobiography of the life of the director and his friend. The style of shooting of the film displays the style of Truffaut. In this movie he had displayed very clearly the life of a young prankster. This movie apart from being about Antoine alone also highlights how the French ill – treated the injustice by the young at that time. There is a great portrayal of the how Antoine has been punished and criticized at both home and in school at every step. The poor child is punished all the time in school while his mother on the other end is strict and very demanding for him to help with the choirs at home. Also the child faces a lot of discomfort since his family is very insecure financially, live in an extremely small apartment, with him having to sleep on a sleeping bag. Also his mother has a number of issues and agreements with his step father. He also realizes that his mum is having an affair with her co – worker. He takes this to himself and engages in childish mischief, until he and his friend are turned in to the police by h is step father, for stealing the type writer from his office. The film ends with the child being sent to a work camp (on request of his mother) by the sea line. The child is also sent to a psychiatrist as his parents deem him to be very mischievous and incurable. The director has been able to provide the movie with an excellent ending, where Antoine runs away from the work camp and is seen at the sea shore. The use of the camera is excellent as the movies ends with the cameras zooming into his face and to a great extent it seems like he is gazing into the faces of the audience. This seems to be the strongest point of the movie. The director has been able to rightly depict the look in his eyes. A

Crime and Punishment Essay Example for Free

Crime and Punishment Essay The saying that crime does not pay lies at the heart of a great deal of literature and many films. It appears in a large number of fairy tales and childrens story. This is to teach children from an early age that it is wrong to commit a crime, no matter how small, and that every criminal is eventually punished. Of course this is not true, many crimes, especially smaller crimes, are never punished. This can either be because no one has discovered a crime was committed or because there was no punishment fit for the criminal. For instance, because the criminal wasnt conscious of committing the crime (mentally retarded, been drugged etc), because he is a minor and has a clean record or even because he is dying or deceased. However the criminal can be punished by other members of society as well and/or instead of by law. This would be in the form of revenge. Then there is self-inflicted punishment. Criminals often feel guilty and this can drive them to depression, sometimes leading them to inflict physical pain on themselves or to commit suicide. If the criminal is Christian or Moslem, he will also have to endure the thought of going to Hell. If the criminal is Hindu or Buddhist, he will know he is destroying his chance for a good rebirth, dirtying and ruining his karma, which will cause him to suffer for lifetimes to come. Criminal acts might in the short run satisfy them or fill their pockets, will in the long run, from a spiritual perspective, hurt the criminal. Indeed, in the long term, and from the moral and ethical, psychological and spiritual points of view, it appears to be almost always true that Crime does not pay. Literature often portrays reality; therefore this moral is present a great deal. Examples of crimes that are punished more by psychological means appear in The Millers Tale in Geoffrey Chaucers The Canterbury Tales. This was written before the 15th Century yet it already refers to crimes that were not punished by law but indirectly by the general public. This tale is of a rich carpenter, his newly wed young wife, Alison, and his lodger. The carpenter is an old, jealous man who doesnt give his wife any freedom for the fear she will cheat on him. The lodger, Nicholas, is always after women and he soon flirts with the beautiful Alison. She soon falls in love with him and they decide to trick the carpenter so they can sleep together. Nicholas, who is fascinated by astrology, tells the carpenter that by studying the moon he  found out that in an hour there will be a great flood and the world will be drowned. The carpenter, who is sworn to secrecy, believes him and obeys his orders. He hangs up three kneading-troughs in the attic which are to be used as boats and at night the three of them get in their boats. The carpenter falls in a deep sleep after all his work so he doesnt know the two lovers have secretly gone downstairs to bed. However Absalon, a young parish clerk who is in love with the carpenters wife, hears that the carpenter hasnt been to work since Saturday. He uses this as an opportunity to tell Alison, through the bedroom window, of his love for her. After being told to leave, he agrees on the condition that she gives him one kiss. She consents but tricks him and he comes to learn that he has kissed a completely different part of her body. To take revenge, Absalon comes back with a hot iron and tells Alison he wants to give her a golden ring in exchange for another kiss. This time its Nicholass bottom that appears out of the window and is subsequently branded with the hot iron. His screaming awakens the carpenter who thinks the flood has started and cuts the rope tied to his tub. The boat falls and the carpenter breaks an arm and starts screaming that the world is flooding. Nicholas and Alison use this occasion to make him out as mad and for the rest of his life, nothing the carpenter says will chan ge this in the eyes of the public. He is treated as a reject but his wife is also mocked for being married to him. Notice that ever single character is punished by some means. The carpenter is mocked and cannot ever live a normal life again. He is forced to live with wife who betrayed him and will forever be considered a madman. It is clearly shown on page 106, that no one believed the carpenter: No matter what the carpenter asserted it went for nothing, no one was converted. He also has a broken arm and many bruises. His wife is also teased for living with him and has to endure the guilt of her criminal actions and their consequences. Nicholas is also humiliated and he is branded for life. Absalons punishment was being tricked into kissing Alisons bottom. He has to live with the shame of this and that he was rejected by Alison. The characters mentioned above all committed a crime: Alison committed adultery, Nicholas deliberately made Alison cheat on her husband and Absalon  also tried but failed. Nicholas and Alison furthermore lied to Absalon and the carpenter. They lied to the whole neighbourhood saying the latter was mad. Lying is not a crime that can be punished by law but it is still wrong. In Christianity and many other religions, it is thought of as a sin. It is to be debated whether Absalon also committed another crime: branding Nicholas with a hot iron. In doing this, Absalon was taking revenge for a crime that had been committed against him; a crime that would not be grave enough to be punished by law. By chance, Absalon was taking revenge on a character who had also committed other crimes. For this reason, the author might have excused Absalons drastic action against Nicholas and therefore given him the lightest punishment. According to the Chaucer, the carpenters crime was to marry a much younger and very beautiful young woman and then to forbid her of her freedom. He did not think of her feelings. Chaucer quotes at the bottom of page 89:A man should marry someone like himself; A man should pick an equal for his mate. Youth and old age are often in debate. However, he had fallen in the snare, And had to bear his cross as others bare.Here Chaucer already predicts that Alison is going to cheat on her husband. The carpenter fell in the trap and now he has to bear the consequences. Indeed, all the characters mentioned above committed a crime and quickly learnt that crime does not pay. They were all psychologically and often also physically punished. I wanted to see if the quote crime does not pay also applies in The shipmans tale. This tale tells of a kind, generous merchant who was married to a beautiful woman. This merchant was on very good terms with a monk, Sir John, and invited him to stay for dinner, some days before he was to leave on business. The monk stayed with them for a few days but one morning when he was speaking to Sir Johns wife, she poured out all her sorrows to him. She told him she wished she were dead and that she had no respect for her husband, she hated him, because he neglected her. She then asked the monk for a hundred francs so she could look smart and do my husband honour (page 162). The monk promised to lend her the money. However, he then privately  asked the merchant for the same amount using the reason that he wanted to buy some cattle. The merchant lent it to him and swore not to reveal the monks debt. When the merchant left, Sir John visited the wife and gave her the money in exchange for her keeping him company at night. The merchant then came back and asked the monk for his money but learnt from him that the money had already been returned to his wife. The merchant felt he had been rude and reprimanded his wife for not telling him the debt had been paid. His wife then explained the situation, cursed the monk for having broken his promise and told her husband she needed the money because he didnt supply her with enough. She asked for forgiveness. Her husband forgave her but asked her not to be so extravagant again (page 168). The obvious crimes here are adultery and breaking a promise. Both the merchants wife and Sir John are guilty of this. It is possible but unlikely, that the merchant committed the crime of not caring for his wife properly. The merchant is described as generous and though he might not always be at home with his wife, this is because he is earning money to support his wife and himself. However, he has the worst deal at the end of the tale: he loses hundred francs. The wifes punishment is that her secret is found out and she is shamed in front of her husband. It is not a heavy punishment but then she only cheated on her husband once. In addition, she has to live with the guilt of what she has done. Maybe she even has to sacrifice something in exchange for spending her husbands money on herself. Sir Johns only punishment is that he is now not regarded in the same light as before. He is also insulted by the merchants wife, but it is debatable whether this is a punishment as he did not have the humiliation of hearing himself be insulted. I think it is difficult to decide whether this moral also applies for The Shipmans tale. It depends who one thinks is guilty of committing a crime. The husband has learnt his lesson: to watch over his wife more closely. The wife learns she has done a foolish thing and will hopefully, for the merchant, now live a better life. However, not much ill seems to befall the monk. Of course, we could argue that he was only trying to help the merchant and his wife. He went too far in cheating on the merchant but he will presumably feel the consequences: his relationship with the merchant and his  wife will not be the same again. Therefore, I think the moral also applies for this tale, but it is not as obvious. I believe the moral that crime does not pay is present not only lies at the heart of a great deal of literature, but also in many films, comics and stories told by mouth. This is important as nowadays people no longer act morally only because they are afraid of God or of hell. Today, atheists are tolerated and many who are religious do not believe every word in the Bible, they no longer fear the word hell. Therefore, to keep society working peacefully, one needs to teach people to be morally good and to teach them that if they dont, they will be punished. Often, one is not punished for doing something morally wrong. This fact is often hidden, to encourage people to commit fewer or no crimes because they believe every crime will have a bad consequence. People, especially children, are taught this, often indirectly, through reading, watching films and hearing about personal experiences where the criminal eventually paid for his crime.

Comparing UK and Romanias Culture

Comparing UK and Romanias Culture This case of study will provide a deep understanding about the people, culture, lifestyle and weather differences between Romania and UK. The aim of this study is to bring a useful material for our Romanian client, EDMUNDO, in order to deliver precious information to all the Romanian students who wish to come to UK to enhance their studies in different areas of subject and to develop skills for their career. In the first part of the study, we will use Geert Hofstedes cultural dimension theory to pull out the main cultural differences between Romania and UK. Hofstedes cultural dimension theory is a very efficient tool to distinguish the main characteristics of national or regional cultural bearings, which can affect the behavior of a certain group or organization. During the second part, we will focus on the macro environment factors such as political, economical, social and technological, forasmuch these can have crucial affect on Romanian students lifestyle in the UK. Finally, in the last part we have provided some useful recommendations for the students knowledge prior to their coming in the UK for their studies. We believe that students from all over the world need guidance in their career, so it is vital for us to help and provide effective and useful information for the organizations like, EDMUNDO, which mediates in offering great opportunities to those students. Terms of Reference Who are we? We are Educational Cross-Culture Consultant Team part of British Council in United Kingdom. We have nineteen years of experience in educational cross-culture, helping different Educational Institutions and Centres from over 80 countries to accumulate vital information about studying and living in UK. Who is our client? Our client is an educational centre from Romania, EDMUNDO, whose main activity is to provide information, advice, support and financial solution for Romanian students, who wishes to study in higher educational institutions in west European countries. What our client asked us to do? Because our client havent had so far any kind of relation with UK, now they are really interested in discovering the UKs educational institutions system, lifestyle, people and the environment, in order to provide helpful information for their students who intend to apply especially for UKs higher educational institutions. So we are going to provide them all the useful information that a potential student should have to know about United Kingdom, prior to their coming in here. Overview of current situation With this globalization, everybody is likely to work with different nationalities or study and live in different countries. Therefore it is important to understand and recognize people from different cultures who have different ways of looking at things, such as dressing and expressing their personality and feeling. Romania and United Kingdom are two different countries, with different history, different people, but nevertheless, the difference is what really makes the world to be so diversified, and to find similarities between people of different culture, religion and nationality is a great way to stay connected with the rest of the world. But after all diversity exists both within and among the cultures (Nancy 1997, p. 17). Analysis of the current situation Hofstedes Intercultural dimensions For the beginning, we are going to distinguish the major cultural differences between Romania and United Kingdom by using Hofstedes four intercultural dimensions (four because there havent been done relevant studies on Long term orientation for Romania) and then we are going to illustrate if British Culture have Power Distance; if they are individualistic society; if they embrace risks; if they are gender oriented society. Hofstede (2001, p. 24) said that the comparison of cultures presupposes that there is something to be compared that each culture is not so unique that any parallel with another culture is meaningless. Figure nr. Source: Hofstede, [2008] The SD Model of professor Geert Hofstede, Available www.geert-hofstede.com, [2009, 26 Nov] Power distance index: The extent to which the less powerful members of the society accept/expect that power is distributed unequally is much higher in Romania (90) than in UK (35). Why there is such a big difference? UK Romania Superior ranked people/authority treats with respect their subordinates Superior ranked people/authority tends to openly demonstrate their rank. Tutor/teacher often tends to socialize with the student. The relationship between tutor/teacher and student is distant and impersonal. Society is more equal. Within a society, class division is accepted. Mistakes made by the subordinates are often accepted by the managers due to their responsibility to manage. When the things are going wrong, the blame is expected to be taken by the subordinates. Individualism: Romanians tend to be more collectivist individuals (30), whereas British people more individualistic (89). UK Romania I is more important for a persons identity We is more important for a persons identity. Individualism is encouraged The sacrifice of individual need for the sake of the group needs. Individuals make decisions, regardless others opinions Rules and decisions are made within the group members. Masculinity: The masculinity index shows that between UK and Romania there no big difference (66 vs. 42). But still in UK males tend to be dominant in society and power structure. UK Romania Men and women should have different roles within a society Men and women should have equal rights and positions in society. Conflicts are solved by aggressive means Conflicts are solved by negotiation. Achievement, money and career are the most important for a mens life Family, relationship and quality of life are the most important in life for a man. Uncertainty avoidance index: For UAI dimension, Romania (90) has higher index than UK (35). It means that in UK, the society is less concerned about uncertainty and ambiguity and tends to tolerate experimentation and variety. UK Romania Because of immigration, the population is varied. Populations in Romania is not to multicultural. Decision means risk Risks are usually avoided in decision making process Usually innovations and experiments are tolerated and even encouraged Concepts and innovative ideas are difficult to be embraced. Power distance the score reveals that inequalities, rank and status between people are predominantly low for British people. There are different ways of legislation to protect ethnic minorities on macro level, and on micro level, the relationships between the tutors and students are casual and involves little ceremony. Individualism Nancy J. A (1997, p. 25) noted that British people are individualistic; they use personal characteristics and achievements to define themselves, and they value individual welfare over that of the group. On macro level, the predominant form of social structure in UK in the nuclear family. On micro level, in different environment, individuals tend to be more concerned of themselves rather than the group. Uncertainty avoidance By uncertainty avoidance we understand that British people embraces changes and taking risks. On macro level, there are frequently revisions and changes in laws and governments structures. On micro level, any new ideas and even disagreements between students and tutor can be considered useful. Masculinity British society is considered for equality between sexes, yet still exists in some part of society a certain amount of gender bias, where males are addicted to old boy network (Guirdham, pp. 558-28). PEST ANALISYS Macro environment factors can be considered as having as much importance as the culture, due to its impact on daily basis activity for students. PEST analysis is the best tool to reveal these macro environments factors for a certain country. Its of real use to know about the political, economical, socio-cultural, technological, as these can be different from the country the student is coming from. Political UK is a constitutional monarchy country. They have an established monarch, which currently is Queen Elizabeth II with limited powers and impartial political views. The Government or the Executive runs the country, with the responsibility for developing and implementing laws and policies. The head of the Government, the Prime Minister Gordon Brown, appoints ministers, the Cabinet and the people who work in a government department. There is a diplomatic relation between Romania and UK since 20th February 1880, two years after Romania gained its Independence, and since 2003 there has been established a Strategic Partnership. Education is a higher concern for British government. It is in responsibility of Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families and Secretary of State for Innovation, Universities and Skills; the administration and funding of state educational institutions are in the responsibility of Local Authorities. Some of the top universities like University of Oxford, University of Cambridge, Imperial College of London are in UK and they are ranked among top 10 universities in the world. The government encourages all teenagers to attend all levels of education, by providing loans, infrastructure, technical, physical and emotional support. These encouragements are applied for both home and foreign students. Students from Romania have the same rights as home students. First of all, there is no need of student visa or a limited period of time to stay and live in the UK and secondly, the tuition fees are the same as for home students. As far as the work permit policy there are some restrictions for EU and international students. They are allowed to work 20 hours per week during their term period, and a full time schedule during holidays or when the course meets certain full time work requirements. For Romanian and Bulgarian students there has to be issued a work permit card called Yellow Card which gives them the equal rights to work as the other students. This Yellow card is issued by the Home Office within six weeks. The National Insurance Number, without which the EU/International students cannot work, is provided by HM Revenue and Customs department and its useful to get certain benefits in case of need, and to get a state pension. Unlike British students, Romanian students have to book an appointment at one of the Job Centre Plus in order to obtain the NIN. As an employment policy, British government has a flexible and open approach to attract highly skilled workers. In every British company there has to be a number of foreign or different cultural background employees, in concordance with countrys racial issue rules. So it is encouraged the employment of foreign graduate students, which is a great opportunity for any graduate to experience what they have learnt during their studies in a great country like UK. Economical By GDP (growth domestic product), United Kingdoms economy is the fifth largest economy in the world, and the sixth largest by PPP (purchasing power parity), estimated to be $2.279 trillion. In Europe, UK is the second largest economy after Germany, The inflation in UK is low, unlike other EU countries. In October 2009, the CPI annual inflation was 1.5%, the Governments target for 2009. The unemployment rate rose by 0.1% in the last year, reaching 7.8% (2.46 million) of the population workforce. When it comes to higher educational institutions, to pay the tuition fees is one of the biggest issues faced by the students. There are a lot of encouragements for both home and EU students, especially in terms of financial support. The British government encourages and supports all the teenagers to continue their studies in order to obtain higher degrees like Bachelor, Masters and PhD. Yearly, they are offering huge funds to sustain students to follow their career and to develop themselves. Nearly 50% of the college students are receiving economic help from sources different from their families. In forms or scholarships, grants and loans, everybody can achieve a higher education degree even if their budget does to allow doing so. For undergraduate full time courses, British students are granted with financial support up to  £2906 for tuition fees, without paying it back, and up to  £4950 for living expenses. For Master degree or PhD, they can apple for a Career Development Loan with special interest rates. Unlike British students, Romanian students benefit of the British Government student loan, but they have to repay it back either in 10 years with an interest which is equal inflation rate, or when they will earn wages more than  £1250/month or  £288/week. If they will earn less than the thresholds that applies for them, than they will never have to pay it back. Yearly British universities inject huge amounts of resources into research, development, learning facilities, accommodation in order to offer for the students the best environment for their studies. Students are treated different from the rest of the people in the UK. They are granted discounts at the most of the shopping stores, transportation, party clubs, fitness clubs and cinemas. Social British people are kind and hospitable people. Thats the reason why in UK there are concentrated so many different cultures. UK is a great country to live and study in because the population is formed of different nationalities and cultural backgrounds. In 2008 census, in the UK the population was 61.4 million people. The ethnic groups are formed of 92% white race, 2% black, 1.8% Indian, 1.3% Pakistan, 0.4% Chinese and 0.4 Other Asians. The language is British English, in origin a West Germanic language descended from Old English with some borrowing from French, Latin and Old Norse. Nowadays, English is the international business language, and in many countries its the most taught second language. Beside this, due to the big number of ethnic communities, there are spoken many other languages like Hindi (Indian), Urdu (Pakistan), Chinese, Polish, etc. For Romanian students its a great environment to live and study in, because of this mixed culture they will accustom in a short period of time. Some of them will join their compatriots and some others will mix among their new international friends. Its a great place to make new friends, learn new cultures and languages, taste new dishes and so many other interesting activities to part. Most of the universities offer for their students the possibility to join sport teams and practice their favourite sports at one of the partner sports centres. UK is well known for their diversity in sports: football, cricket, tennis, golf, rugby and horsemanship. During their study there are organized different social activities among students, mostly for socializing: making new friends, trips to different places and countries, traditional evening parties, disco parties, and they are given possibility to create groups and communities like Indian community, Pakistan community. Christianity is the main religion in United Kingdom. After the 2001 census, 71.6% of the interrogated population said they are Christian, 15.1% they have no religion, 2.8% Islam, 1.0% Hinduism, 0.5% Judaism and 0.3% Buddhism. Romanians are most Christian Orthodox, but definitely there will be no problems regarding the religion in the UK. Wherever you go, you will be able to find churches, chapels, cathedrals, chapels of ease, mosque, temples and synagogues. There are significant numbers of schools and universities which had been founded as faith schools and bear Christian names like St. Mary, St. John. So religion has strong connection with education in the UK. The health insurance for the both home and EU students is free during their study period. They just have to complete the HC1 form and send it to UK Health Department along with the required documentation. A lot of medical expenses can be claimed with the HC1 form. Technological United Kingdom is one of the most advanced countries in technology. Most of the people have access to different kind of technology like satellite cable system, high internet connection and telecommunication. All the universities are well equipped with technology. In every university there are available for students thousands of personal computers, high internet connection within the university area, projectors in every classrooms and social learning areas, special equipment for specialized courses like Media, Arts and Computer Science. The infrastructure in UK is highly developed. The transportation system is one of the most sophisticated in the world. Across the UK there is a 46904 km of radial road network, with 3497 km of motorway network. The rail network covers 16116 km assuring connection with all the villages and cities across UK. Heathrow Airport is the UKs biggest international airport and has de most international passenger traffic of any airport worldwide. From Romanian there are direct flights with air companies like Wizzair, Blue Air, British Airways arriving in major airports like Stansted, Luton, Manchester, etc. For the students coming from Romania, the transportation system in the UK will be different. They have to drive on the left side of the road. It can be really confusing for them because they are coming from right side driving country; for crossing the street they have to look first on your right side rather than the left, and if theyre driving they have to be really careful. In case of visiting the downtown of major cities with a car, everybody has to pay a certain amount of money. This measure is to prevent traffic jams and pollution in the same time. British Double Decker buses are famous in the world. If you are going to visit cities like London, Manchester, Leeds you will certainly have the pleasure to have a trip with these famous buses. Students are granted discounts for all main of transportation: buses, trams and rails. In UK transportation is feasible. At every station there are schedules for buses, trams and trains. Solutions and recommendations Comparing Romania and UK by cultural background as well on PEST analysis point of views there can be highlighted some differences that have been discussed during the study case. Obviously, Romania is coming from forty years of communist regime, but still the majority of the population has managed to overcome the transition period. Especially for the youngsters, coming in the UK and living and studying here will not be a huge difference for them. UK is known to be a very expensive country to live in. The currency used in UK is Pound Sterling. Its the most valuable monetary in the world. As well London its the most expensive city in the UK. Here the rent, the food and transportation is a bit higher than the other cities. For Romanian students coming here to study, our recommendation would be to apply for the student loan in order to reduce their costs of living; and a university accommodation at least for the first year. Than by knowing and making new friends they can share together an apartment in the city where they are studying. Once they have a part time job, their income-expense account will be balanced. In the UK the weather is different from many other countries. It can be a beautiful day but after just couple of hours it can be a showery rain. It rains frequently, the most of the days are foggy, and all the time people feel the humidity. Romanian students might find it disturbing till theyll accustom with it, because in Romania, summers are sunny and beautiful. They need to have rain coats and good umbrellas. As well the transportation system is different from the one in Romania. In UK you drive on the right side, unlike Romania, on the left. Romanian students have to be aware of this, learn the traffic signs and be informed of all these before their arrival in the UK. Because in the UK there are studying many students from all over the world, Romanian students have to be friendly, sociable and tolerant with the other communities. Romanians are very open-minded people, but in socializing with the foreign students, especially from middle orient and Asia they have to be aware of their behaviour in order not to offend or criticize them unconsciously. UK is well known as being one the best beer producers in the world. British people enjoy having fun: they spend often their nights at pubs and disco clubs. Sometimes some of them might consume alcohol more than necessary. Romanian students have to be 100% devoted to their studies, and whenever theyre going out with friends be aware of their limitations. If there are problems in their school or life, there is always a department to assist Romanian students, and if its beyond they authority, they can easily address to one of the Romanian consulates and even Romanian Embassy in London. Conclusion We are sure that Romanian students will enjoy their life in UK. British lifestyle will suit them perfectly. They have the opportunity to apply for one of the best universities in the world and develop their skills which will help them in their future careers. After all, Romania is an European country as UK, so there are many similarities in culture, environment and people. Our institute helped many other educational institutions from all over the world to assist the students and we can proudly speak that those students who came in the UK are perfectly accustomed with almost everything that they have encountered. We are sure that our relation will be a positive one, and together we will try to create and develop a new opportunity for all the Romanian students who wish to study in the UK.

A Career as an Adoption Counselor Essay examples -- Career Research

Adoption is a process where by a person assumes the parenting for another and, in so doing, permanently transfers all rights and responsibilities from the biological parent or parents. Unlike guardianship or other systems designed for the care of the young, adoption is intended to effect a permanent change in status and as such requires societal recognition, either through legal or religious sanction. Adoption has changed considerably over the centuries with its focus shifting from adult adoption and inheritance issues toward children and family creation; its structure moving from recognition of continuity between the adopted and kin toward allowing relationships of lessened intensity. In modern times, adoption is a primary vehicle serving the needs of homeless, neglected, abused and runaway children (Wikipedia, â€Å"Adoption†). Child, Family, and School Social Worker make average annual earnings of $38, 280. The employment of such social workers is expected to grow by twenty percent between 2012 and 2020, per the BLS (â€Å"Adoption†). Some counselors find that because adoption touches on so many family issues, it evolves naturally out of a more general practice. A difficult prejudice that adoption counselors face is the perception that they are baby stealers or baby sellers. A birth mother may require help making the difficult decision to give a child up for adoption. Many adoption counselors are social workers who have come to focus on adoption because they have had a personal experience with adoption (â€Å"CFNC.org†). This is somewhat the case in my situation. My parents were about to start the adoption process when my mom found out that she was pregnant. For Glory To, the most difficult time is when placement doesn’t wor... ...heir own kids, they shouldn’t panic, they may be able to adopt! Works Cited "Adoption Caseworker: Job Description and Education Requirements." Education-Portal.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Feb. 2014. "CFNC.org - Career Profile." CFNC.org - Career Profile. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Feb. 2014. "IVCC - Illinois Valley Community College." IVCC - Illinois Valley Community College. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. "IVCC Sociology and Anthropology." IVCC Sociology and Anthropology. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Feb. 2014. "McKendree University." Marching Bearcat Band. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. "McKendree University." McKendree University. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. "The Process." California Kids Connection. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Feb. 2014. Wikipedia contributors. "Adoption." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 10 Feb. 2014. Web. 10 Feb. 2014.

American Progress

John Gast’s painting, â€Å"American Progress†, illustrates many depictions of the early movement and development of the United States. This particular painting defines uniqueness and character throughout. Looking at it geographically the angel portrayed in the middle is floating westward as though she is exemplifying the Westward Expansion. She has the â€Å"Star of Empire† imprinted on her forehead, which better portrays the idea of her trying to move westward. This painting is a great description of our country’s economical progress and expansion. Gast artistically explains the present day United States as nice cities along rivers with big buildings and churches along the right edge of this painting. This scene is also shown as being happy and awakening because of the bright sun rays being shown down upon it. The city is supposed to represent a growing city along the mighty Mississippi River. You are able to see the evolution of transportation through boats and railroads. The three main intercontinental railways are shown departing from this city, and the beautiful angel in the middle is carrying the telegraph cable which eventually linked the nation together. She is also carrying with her some type school book, which to me represents intellectual ideas being spread throughout the country. In the background behind her lies many rolling hills and plush green grass. There is not many trees in this portrait, but the snow capped mountains on the left and the great plains on the right depict a great deal of land diversity from coast to coast. There are also many cattle, Indians, wild horses, bears, and other wild game trying to flee her approach towards the west and eventually into the storms and waves of the Pacific coast. Although she seems very divine in appearance some may take her intentions as revolting. Her central idea seems as though she is trying to spread the economical progress throughout the entire United States. Emotionally this is a very strong painting because of its detail and significance. When I first looked at this painting it made me think of Manifest Destiny. The angel in the middle attempting to emigrate westward defines the meaning of manifest destiny. Many thought it was God’s belief that the United States would expand from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific coast. I also felt another tie to my previous assumption when I noticed the star on her forehead. I felt it had great importance so I began to acknowledge her surroundings and I realized it was the â€Å"Star of Empire†, which signifies westward movement as well. The star is a bright golden color, almost identical to rays of light being exposed upon new land. She is wearing a long, swaying white robe which is also significant because the color white signifies freedom. Her bright golden, blonde hair also signifies the presence of God to me. Her presence in this painting is not just for beauty but for great importance. I have always felt strongly about the spread of equality throughout our nation, and to me it seems as though she is trying to spread the superior life-style across the United States. The book in her arm represents that she is trying to spread intelligence and the teaching of literacy. It was very rare in the past for many people to be able to both read and write, and with the spread of civilization trying to take place it is very important that she also spread the gift of teaching. I also believe that she is trying to spread the connection of communication throughout the country by carrying the telegraph cord in her other hand. This became a very important facet of our country, because many of the connections and deals made over time would not have been made possible without communication. When I looked more towards the left side of the painting I noticed it was very dark and gloomy. Coincidently that happened to be the way everyone was fleeing, which in my mind represents everyone trying to escape freedom and return to normalcy among themselves. These men, women, and animals look as though they are afraid of the angel hovering over them, but ideally they are trying to escape normal civilization. This painting portrays many different themes and central ideas depending on which way it is observed. I feel from my point of view that I was able to interpret that the theme is based on moving forward in society. As seen on the right side of this portrait, the eastern United States progressed sooner than the west, and many frontiersmen are afraid of this new lifestyle. It seems as though the angel is trying to help everyone move forward and develop a new way of living and become more acquainted with this innovative way of living. No one copes very well with change, and like-wise neither did the Indians, farmers, and all of the other wild animals. These individuals had to manage survival with whatever nature skills they had. The mountainous region on the left side of the painting is covered with dark, rainy clouds and white snow caps. This symbolizes harsh climates and bad conditions for any type of living. Some of the animals may not be used to the western climates and may not be able to adapt quickly enough before facing the edge of extinction. The angel present in the center of the painting is able to help spread this central idea of moving on by her presence and what she brings with her. The coloration of her long, curly hair exemplifies traits from Jesus Christ. Her intentions are as His would be, and that is to create happiness and equality throughout. The gleaming star on her forehead also ties into the main theme through the concept of Manifest Destiny. I believe the star has the most significance of any object in the painting when referring to the main theme. The principle of the star represents the same significance as the main theme; people are trying to move forward in society. This entire painting depicts the importance of this exploration to the western United States. Everything is explained in perfect artistic form from the bright, sunshiny city on the right to the dark, gloomy coast on the left. The depiction of the angel in the middle is obviously the most important characteristic of this painting, but she also brings a lot of debate for whether or not she is subsiding good or bad influence on our country. There are many details and translations that can be looked at from many different angles depending on the person’s train of thought. I have explained in every detail the way I feel about this painting and the way I sensed each direction of the artist’s feelings. John Gast has a great connotation of each perception in his painting, and uses many features to depict different portions of his famous artwork. Many great Americans can agree with the central concept of this painting and will be able to grasp the implications behind each item portrayed in the painting. I personally feel that this painting is well thought out and had great meaning behind each aspect.

How The Ethical Theory Or Ethical Principles Might Be Applies To

How The Ethical Theory Or Ethical Principles Might Be Applies To How The Ethical Theory Or Ethical Principles Might Be Applies To Euthanasia – Term Paper Example Assisted Suicide Assisted Suicide In the case of assisted suicide of Terri Schiavo a 41 year old female who was severally ill and was on the verge of experiencing death was removed from her artificial life support of a feeding tube (YouTube, 2014). The person who took the final decision of removing the tube was her husband who was even held responsible for hurting her due to which Terri was experiencing deadly health conditions. She ultimately died 12 days after she was removed from her life support and she was administered with high dosage of morphine which was induced to relieve her from her sufferings. Since then, till date the debate of whether her husband’s decision of removing her from life support was an ethical one or not has been taking place. Taking into consideration the ethical theory of Kant for ethical decision making it would not be wrong to suggest that the decision of removing Terri from life support is completely ethical in nature. Kant states that the decisi on maker’s reason for making a decision should be that he she is ready to accept the same decision in similar or any other situation (Cooper, 2000). The husband states that it was Terri’s will that she did not want to live on life support and the reason was backed by her brother and her brother’s wife. If the husband made the decision of removing Terri from life support on the basis of the reason that if a similar or another situation takes place in which he is removed from life support and if he had a will of not living on life support then his decision is an ethical one.References"The Terri Schiavo Story."  YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 18 Aug. 2014. .Cooper, T. (2000).  Handbook of Administrative Ethics. 1st ed. Boca Raton: C R C Press LLC.

Georgia Price Kayleigh Dean CYP Core Essays

Georgia Price Kayleigh Dean CYP Core Essays Georgia Price Kayleigh Dean CYP Core Essay Georgia Price Kayleigh Dean CYP Core Essay A figure of factors must be considered when be aftering environments that are healthy and safe. Outdoor countries for kids and immature people need to be planned to let vigorous drama with minimal hazard. When holding an out-of-door country in any puting it is of import to provide the kids with full waterproof vesture. This ensures the kids stay warm and dry whatever the conditions. This besides helps maintain them dry when playing with H2O and messy clay and sand. When be aftering an activity it is ever critical to do certain the activity is set in the right environment ; for illustration when utilizing motorcycles, tricycles and scooters. These should be ridden outside when there is non adequate infinite to utilize the equipment indoors, which could be unsafe to yourself and other kids. Every kid is an single with different demands depending on features such as ; age, intelligence, size, strenuosity and abilities. You must see this when planning activities for kids, for illustration when they are involved in physical drama. More consideration should be given to the demands of a kid who has merely become nomadic than to an older kid, when be aftering room layouts. Children who have specific demands such as centripetal damages would necessitate more support with hearing or seeing instructions. Extra signage or mark linguistic communication would assist a kid with limited hearing to understand what to make. The different demands of households and carers must be considered when be aftering for both indoor and out-of-door activities. Always be clear about why you are utilizing the type of environment for an activity and how the kid will see each activity. : The responsibility of attention of to kids, parents and carers is a legal duty that must be adhered to at all times. You should ever hold the child’s safety and public assistance uppermost in your head when planning activities. All activities associated with kids and immature people should hold clear purposes and aims that are based around the needed results linked to their age. An illustration of this is Early Years Foundation Stage ( EYFS ) for kids under 5 old ages of age. Lines of duty and answerability ; everyone employed in a scene has a duty for the wellness and safety of kids and staff, but there should be clear describing responsibilities ( Tassoni et al, 2010 ) . Using Hazard Appraisals are an first-class manner in cut downing the hazards of accidents. This is a procedure of placing a hazard and entering points that cut down this hazard to an absolute lower limit. A popular method of bring forthing a Hazard Assessment is to hit the hazard from 1-5, record actions that will cut down the hazard, and so to re-score the hazard after using these actions. All Hazard Appraisals should be updated on a regular basis so that the identified risk/s are monitored and remain safe for all those who use the scene. The age, development and capablenesss of kids should ever be considered as each single kid is different and all develop at their ain gait. A kid who is two would non hold progressed to the rate of a three or four twelvemonth old. Therefore, it is of import to be after activities sagely in order for kids of all ages and capablenesss to make their highest capablenesss. All scenes must follow the public assistance demands set down in the EYFS, which are to safeguard and advance the public assistance of kids. To advance good wellness of the kids and take necessary stairss to forestall the spread of infection. Take appropriate action when they are sick and to pull off behaviour efficaciously and in a mode appropriate for their phase of development and peculiar single demands. These are legal demands and must be followed carefully in all scenes. Children with specific larning troubles or physical disablements should hold activities they can take portion in where they can larn and besides bask. These kids should ever hold full entree to the edifice and all indoor and out-of-door activities. This could include the usage of mechanical/electronic lifts and inclines. Access to disenable lavatories are critical when sing handiness of the edifice. Staff preparation must include for the usage of lavatories by handicapped people. Each scene should hold a safe dependable security system to keep childrens safety and public assistance. The usage of a watchword for each kid could be adopted. Merely authorised grownups should cognize the watchword and it should be changed on a regular footing. This is to guarantee that no 1 but the parent or an authorised individual can pick the kid or immature individual up. Routine cheque of security should be made daily such as, entry phones, locks, visitant books, subscribing in or out and name badges should all be checked to command entry and issue at all times. Having a clean and safe environment is critical. Toys and all equipment should be checked on a regular basis to guarantee there are no crisp borders or they are broken. If a plaything is broken this is disposed of if non fixable. Surfaces should be clean for the kids and all unsafe substances, cleansing merchandises are locked off ( COSSH, 2002 ) . Toilets should be checked to maintain them clean and replace lavatory axial rotation or manus wash if needed, this will forestall the hazard of infection. Personal Protective Equipment ( PPE ) should be worn e.g. baseball mitts and apron when fixing bites, altering diapers and covering with a bloody lesion. This is besides to forestall the hazard of infection. Children should ever be prompted to rinse their custodies after utilizing the lavatory, before feeding or when they are merely foul which stops the spread of all the sources. All nutrient and drink in the scene should be in day of the month and stored at the right temperature and besides prepared hygienically. Allergy control must ever be obeyed and in my scene we have a no nut policy, which helps prevent against serious allergic reaction. All staff will hold their Disclosure Barring Services ( DBS ) cheques and are responsible to update them when needed to. All kids should hold an single kid cheque to research the advancement of a kid to guarantee they have reached their mileposts. This cheque besides helps to acquire to cognize the kid independently. Reporting all accidents and hurts ( RIDDOR, 1995 ) to the accident book is ever of import so we can ever advise the parent or calling of the accident. When sing medicine it is indispensable that the precise dose sums are written down by the parent and given to staff. This should besides include for the right storage of the medicine giving consideration to temperature etc. etc. When a kid is given medicine it is indispensable to observe down the clip when given to the kid to guarantee against dual doses are administered. First assistance boxes should ever be on premises in instance of accident or hurt. Not all scenes are built for the intent of a child care puting so be aftering should take into history the manner in which the scene should work as a safe and healthy environment. As portion of our responsibility of attention, a child’s wellness and safety should be the overruling rule when planning activities. 1.2 Safety is a basic human demand, a safe environment is one in which the kid or grownup has a low hazard of going injured or ailment. When working with kids it is critical you know how to supply a healthy safe environment, but besides to supervise and keep the environment. When supervising the environment it is critical we carry out Risk Assessments daily, this is a procedure in which we identify any hazards and happen ways to forestall that hazard to a lower limit. Policies and processs are put into topographic point to do clear what the puting intends to make and how they intend to maintain their environment every bit safe as possible, for all kids and staff members. There are times when, for safety grounds, everyone must follow waies and do as they are asked, to cut down the hazard to themselves, equals and the practicians. All members of staff including new staff, supply staff, pupils and voluntaries must be made cognizant of the contents of the schools wellness and safety policies. This is to guarantee every member of staff are cognizant of what regulations to follow, which helps to keep wellness and safety in the scene. One of the chief grounds for keeping a safe environment is accident bar. All scenes should supervise its wellness and safety, and the environment is on a regular basis checked ( both before and during activities ) to guarantee that it is both healthy and safe for grownups and kids. Children should be supervised at all times and that there is equal grownup supervising for any activities that are to be undertaken. The figure of grownups needed to be present, will depend on the figure of kids taking portion, the age of those kids involved, and the type of activity planned. This is so we can supervise the kids and maintain them every bit safe as possible. Checking the out-of-door country, come ining the edifice, look intoing that the equipment is safe to utilize, safety of kids, safety in all countries of drama ( both indoor and external ) , kitchen/food readying, lavatories, fire drill etc. etc. Using a procedure for monitoring, which includes following a everyday that if it is working right so go on. However, if something is working falsely so alteration or accommodate the modus operandi as needed. When geting at work before the kids arrive, hazard appraisals are carried out both indoors and out-of-doorss, look intoing the equipment is safe to utilize. Toilets besides need to be on a regular basis checked to guarantee they are safe to utilize. The kitchen is on a regular basis checked to guarantee it is safe for staff to fix nutrient but besides to look into that all cookery installations are switched off if non in usage. A first assistance box should ever be kept so it is seeable for all staff to see in the event of an exigency. First Aid boxes should besides be checked to guarantee the right equipment is stocked up if required. Everyday safety cheques should be made daily on premises both indoors and out-of-doorss. Every forenoon in the setting staff will transport out what is called a Risk Assessment of both countries to place and put on the line with any any possible hazards removed. A Hazard Assessment is a utile tool in assisting us to significantly cut down the likeliness of any accidents and hurt when working with kids or immature people. A Hazard Assessment can assist to alarm staff and kids to possible dangers and suggests reasonable steps which will cut down the possible hazard of that danger doing injury or hurt. Hazard Appraisals are a critical portion of both keeping and supervising the Health and Safety in every scene. The direction of wellness and safety at work ordinances 1999 ( originally 1992 ) ( in England, Wales and Scotland ) have had a major impact on the ways in which we control wellness and safety criterions. Employees must set about a scope of undertakings including Hazard Appraisals, doing agreements for the planning, organisation, control, monitoring and reappraisal of wellness and safety steps. Employees must ever set up exigency processs, supplying the right wellness and safety information and all the right preparation. Policies and processs play a immense portion in doing people cognizant of the regulations and the possible dangers of jeopardies. In my scene we have our policies and processs displayed on the walls so it is easy seen by parents and visitants, which allows them to acknowledge that we follow them right. Posters are a good manner of acquiring kids to understand the potency of hazards and jeopardies. It is critical our kids have some cognition of what is safe and what is non safe, with big images assisting to indicate them out. We are encouraged to work every bit safely as possible by following the settings policies and processs. Working in a squad and sharing information helps to guarantee and keep a safe environment for all to bask. 1.3 Workplace’s policies and processs: Guidance is non jurisprudence and is non mandatory ; nevertheless there are many different beginnings of counsel that a scene can utilize in order to be after a healthy and safe environment. 1.3.1 Hazard Appraisals Hazard Appraisals are a legal demand chiefly under the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999, although most wellness and safety statute law requires a hazard appraisal attack. Risk Appraisals must be recorded and should be assessed sporadically in cases such as ; following an accident, on the debut of any new process/equipment and besides any alteration in fortunes. Educational visits besides require a written Risk Assessment. There is a booklet of the most often used locales in the staff room, incorporating Hazard Appraisals. There is besides a booklet incorporating Risk Appraisals for each group in the same topographic point. All staff and group leaders must guarantee that they have read these paperss before shiping on a trip and must subscribe to admit this each clip they take students on a trip as portion of the subscribing out process. Shown below are the names of the staff helping with the appraisal procedure every bit good as inside informations on when they will be carried out and our updating systems. 1.3.2 Accidents Even in a safety witting environment accidents may still happen. This is how we deal with them. All accidents to our staff or students will be recorded and investigated, as appropriate to happen out what happened and how any similar incident can be avoided. Under the First Aid at Work Regulations 1981, employers have to guarantee that there are equal and appropriate equipment and installations for supplying first assistance in the workplace. This should include agreements for first assistance based on a Risk Assessment of the school. 1.3.3 Health A ; Safety Executive ( HSE ) – Relates to all different types of work related issues and they cover all facets of wellness and safety in different environments such as accidents, risky substances, sick wellness, Risk Assessments, protective equipment, public assistance installations, first assistance and occupational wellness. The chief purpose through the counsel of the HSE, whatever environment or industry, is to assist people understand the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, to assist people follow with the jurisprudence. It should be noted that the HSE are besides an administration that provides aid and counsel and can be contacted to reply inquiries of support. Every scene should hold a transcript of the latest legalization and counsel paperss relevant to their service. Health and safety legalization and policy purposes to do certain that all workers, kids, immature people and households are safe and protected from injury when in or utilizing services. Some illustrations of these statute laws associating to wellness and safety in the kid attention puting can be seen overleaf: 1.3.4 Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 Employers have responsibility to do your workplace every bit safe as possible, every scene should expose a wellness and safety jurisprudence posting or supply employees with a cusp with the same information, which are available from the HSE. All employees need to make up ones mind how to pull off wellness and safety ; if the scene has more than five employees, this must look on a written wellness and safety policy. Employees besides have the responsibility to work safely and if you are given counsel about how to utilize equipment, you must follow that counsel. An illustration of a type of counsel is Manual Handling Operations Regulations ( 1992 ) ’ , which covers how to raise heavy objects in the right mode. This counsel includes information such as raising the weight with your pess apart, articulatio genuss set and back unsloped, utilize both custodies to guarantee a secure clasp, maintain your shoulders level, your back unsloped and easy unbend your legs. To set down the burden, take the weight on the legs by flexing the articulatio genuss. We follow this every twenty-four hours in our scene before the kids arrive. When we are puting up for the twenty-four hours, this involves transporting heavy objects from the shed and taking them indoors, raising heavy tabular arraies and traveling them. As practicians it is of import to follow this to cut down hazard to yourself. 1.3.5 C0SSH ( Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations ) 2002 To hold a safe workplace you will necessitate to carefully usage and shop cleansing stuffs like bleach and germicide and other potentially risky substances. Items such as bleach, anti-bacteria rubs, some dissolver gums and other stuffs in the scene that can be toxic. You should hold Risk Appraisals that informs you about these dangers and what to make to understate the hazard involved. Any new member of staff should be made cognizant of what to make in every circumstance. Every work topographic point should hold a COSSH file which lists all the risky substances used in the scene. The file should detail such information: where they are kept ; how they are labelled ; their effects ; the maximal sum of clip it’s safe to be exposed to them ; and how to cover with an exigency affecting one of them. Never mix any merchandises together as they could bring forth toxic exhausts. Some bleaches and cleansing merchandises, for case have this consequence. In our puting all our cleansing merchandises are kept in the kitchen ( where kids are non allowed ) in a high closet that lone staff members can make.

Free Essays on Safe Town

In â€Å"Small Town, Quiet Town, Safe Town†, author Jeremy Steben validly argues that police officers in today’s society ignore the constitutional rights of Americans by hunting people by their age, and not their actual crimes. By using a sarcastic tone Steben shows his humorous outlook on how today’s police officers act. In Steben’s small town in Connecticut, he has noticed an increase in this kind of police behavior. Being a teenager himself he has been pulled over for doing nothing wrong, only for his age. This is a violation of people’s rights and privacy. The common view in today’s America is that teenagers are always up to no good. This is why police pull over people by merely their age, nothing else. Steben sarcastically says â€Å"I accept and realize that to the greater good I must occasionally give up a few constitutional rights, a sacrifice that I make gladly.† showing his view on how these police are violating the rights of young Americans. It is just plain wrong to assume teens are up to no good. Teenagers are people too, and this kind of behavior must stop. Steben tells of how one of his friends got pulled over so many times for just being a teen that every police officer knew her. It is against the law to accuse innocent citizens of crimes they did not even commit, just by looking at their age. Steben’s uses emotional appeal by mentioning these poor innocent teens that are being tortured by the police. Steben’s also uses backing by telling about people who were actually pulled over for no reason. That shows Steben is not lying about the corrupted police officers. If the police keep this up many more people will start to show that they care, just like Jeremy Steben does in â€Å"Small Town, Quiet Town, Safe Town†.... Free Essays on Safe Town Free Essays on Safe Town In â€Å"Small Town, Quiet Town, Safe Town†, author Jeremy Steben validly argues that police officers in today’s society ignore the constitutional rights of Americans by hunting people by their age, and not their actual crimes. By using a sarcastic tone Steben shows his humorous outlook on how today’s police officers act. In Steben’s small town in Connecticut, he has noticed an increase in this kind of police behavior. Being a teenager himself he has been pulled over for doing nothing wrong, only for his age. This is a violation of people’s rights and privacy. The common view in today’s America is that teenagers are always up to no good. This is why police pull over people by merely their age, nothing else. Steben sarcastically says â€Å"I accept and realize that to the greater good I must occasionally give up a few constitutional rights, a sacrifice that I make gladly.† showing his view on how these police are violating the rights of young Americans. It is just plain wrong to assume teens are up to no good. Teenagers are people too, and this kind of behavior must stop. Steben tells of how one of his friends got pulled over so many times for just being a teen that every police officer knew her. It is against the law to accuse innocent citizens of crimes they did not even commit, just by looking at their age. Steben’s uses emotional appeal by mentioning these poor innocent teens that are being tortured by the police. Steben’s also uses backing by telling about people who were actually pulled over for no reason. That shows Steben is not lying about the corrupted police officers. If the police keep this up many more people will start to show that they care, just like Jeremy Steben does in â€Å"Small Town, Quiet Town, Safe Town†....

Right action (Respect for others) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Right action (Respect for others) - Essay Example Successful society is impossible without productive and effective communication between its people, that’s why the main moral code people teach their children to bring them up adequate participants of society is based on respectful attitude to others. And even though different ethical concepts argue about their moral approaches, the aspect of respect towards others always stays in all of them in the same understanding of the notion of respect. To be respectful towards others means not to be selfish with people, but to pay attention on their personalities, to be interested in how their lives are going. There are many ways to show your interest to people. The most elementary rule is to listen to what people tell you. This sounds pretty simple, but we usually do not notice that while communicating we forget to listen, because it is more important for us to say something than to show your interest to your interlocutor by simple listening. We usually feel badly when somebody doesn’t listen to our speech, but frequently we treat people the same way. While communicating it is very important for people to be asked about something they are interested in; if you ask something, people feel that you are interested in them, so they start attracting you. The second way to behave respectfully is to be nice to people. It is even easily than listening. To be nice means to tell them something that shows that you adore them, or respe ct, or disposed towards them – depends on situation. But the main point is to be positively inclined towards them. For example, in formal communication we usually show our respect by following the rules of this kind of communication, in colloquial speech we use words of attraction, compliments (which in fact may be used in any situation, if appropriate), praises etc. But it is important to consider their relevance in particular situation, of course. Actually the easiest way to define how respect looks like is to pass different ways of

Human Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Human Development - Essay Example Good mood is conducive for human development. Networking Good social relations are compulsory for human development in the contemporary age. Man is referred to as a social animal. This essentially means that a big part of our identity is derived from the social relations we cultivate. The society in which we live constitutes people from all professions. In order for an individual to grow, he/she needs to achieve more in less time. This is only possible when one knows the art of being in the right place in the right time. It does seem a bit odd, but it works! People use their links to get the works done in seconds that would otherwise take them days, months, or perhaps years to do. Networking connects people to others who can fulfill their needs. Reflection Reflection is a very useful exercise that is increasingly being made use of these days. People are encouraged to reflect upon their experiences on every level. For example, students are given assignments by their teachers in school s to reflect upon their experiences. By making it part of their education, educationalists are encouraging people to make reflection a necessary part of their life. â€Å"The process of reflection is an integral part of teaching practice† (une.edu.au, n.d.).

Super Heterodyne Receiver Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Super Heterodyne Receiver - Essay Example All modern television and radio receivers virtually use the principle of super heterodyne. The super heterodyne receiver reduces to the same intermediate frequency value. In order to accomplish this, it requires that the super heterodyne receiver be able to vary incessantly the frequency that is being mixed into the signal in order to keep the same difference (Jerry 1172). This paper will discuss Super Heterodyne Receiver and its various aspects. History The history of Super Heterodyne Receiver can be traced back to 1905 when Reginald Fessenden, a Canadian inventor, described proposed method to produce an audible signal from an Alexanderson transmitter. However, Edwin Armstrong, a United States Major, devised the principle of super heterodyne receiver in 1918 during the First World War in France. Armstrong invented this device as a way to overcome the deficiencies of early vacuum tube triodes that were being used as high-frequency amplifiers particularly in radio (Drentea 38). These amplifiers were used in equipment for radio direction finding and Armstrong realized that if these receivers could be operated at a much higher frequency, they would be better and more effective. At that time, however, there were no practical short wave amplifiers because of the existing limitations of triodes. Before Armstrong’s invention, it had been noticed that if regenerative receivers were allowed to move into oscillation, it would be possible for other nearby receivers to start picking up stations on frequencies that were different from those that were actually being transmitted on by stations. Several years later, Armstrong deduced that this was as a result of a supersonic heterodyne that was between oscillator frequency and the carrier frequency of the station (Jerry 1173). Therefore, Armstrong realized that that super heterodyne was a potential solution to the amplification problem of short wave. For example, he realized that to monitor 1500 kHz frequency could requ ire setting up an oscillator at 1560 kHz, therefore producing a heterodyne difference of 60 kHz; such a frequency could then be amplified more conveniently by the day’s triodes (Tsui 79). Eventually, Armstrong sold his patent for super heterodyne to Westinghouse, who in turn sold to RCA. RCA later monopolized the super heterodyne receivers market until 1930. Super heterodyne receivers gained more prominence in the 1930s with vacuum tube technology improvements. This situation could also be attributed to the rapid increase in the number of broadcasting stations that created demand for higher-performance and cheaper receivers. Introduction of tubes particularly designed for operation of super heterodyne receivers, notably the pentagrid converter, significantly reduced the advantage that preceding receiver designs had. Commercial production of super heterodyne receivers by the mid-1930s largely replaced the production and use of preceding receivers designs specifically tuned rad io frequency receivers. Eventually, the principle of super heterodyne was virtually taken up for all commercial TV and radio designs (Drentea 102). Design and Operation Principle of Super Heterodyne Receiver The operation principle of super heterodyne receiver mainly relies on the use of frequency mixing or heterodyning. The signal from an antenna is adequately filtered to reject the image frequency (Tsui 90).

Joint Military Operations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Joint Military Operations - Assignment Example It was for this reason that it became necessary to use joint military operations, which was largely led by The Union Army of the Tennessee’s Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant. In this paper, there is further analysis of the entire joint military operations to understand the core elements that went into it, including its objectives, the fallouts from it, the centers of gravity, and major lines of operations used. One unique thing about almost all joint military operations is that fact that they are started with very specific strategic aims and objectives in mind. This was no different with the Vicksburg Campaign, which was undertaken with the prime aim of capturing Vicksburg, which was a fortress city that dominated the remaining Confederate-controlled section of the Mississippi River2. To achieve this aim, it was important to ensure that the whole Campaign was guided by specific objectives which defined the actions that needed to be taken. Two specific objectives stand out in the campaign. The first of this was to entrap the Confederate army which was under the control of Lt. Gen. John Pemberton. The second objective was to overwhelm the Confederates early enough so that they could not fully organize their defenses. By executing these two objectives successfully, the ultimate aim was expected to be attained. Primary evidence available shows that the objective of overwhelming the Confederates early enough so they could not fully organize their defenses was implemented by the use of immediate assault against Stockade Redan for May 19.3 This assault was later to go a long way to mark the desired end state. Regrettable for Grant however, the assault, which was the desired end state to bring about the achievement of the ultimate aim, did not succeed as expected. This made historian Shelby Foote record that Grant "did not regret having made the assaults; he only regretted that they had failed†4. The failed desired end state seemed to have been

Financial Markets and Institutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Financial Markets and Institutions - Essay Example The interest can either be fixed or variable. Fixed-rate pays interest irrespective of the institution making enough money to pay, but variable rates can vary depending on the market conditions prevailing. The bonds which interest rate are expected to reduce can either be attractive or not depending on the view of the investor. A reducing rate bond will earn less hence unattractive, but on the other side it can be a tax haven vehicle as corporate bonds are subject to federal taxes in mark up. Low-rate bond will either be tax exempt or attract low taxes hence it can be attractive from this viewpoint. To a firm a reducing rate bond is attractive as it will cost less to issue and service the bond. Conversely, a firm expecting the rates to increase has to consider other cheaper sources of financing like bank loan if it has less interest rate than what they will pay on bonds (Zacks ETF Research,2012). 14. Bond Downgrade. . Explain how the downgrading of bonds for a particular corporation affects the prices of those bonds, the return to investors that currently hold these bonds, and the potential return to other investors who may invest in the bonds in the near future. Downgrading a bond would mean that the price of the bond will reduce significantly to market equilibrium set by sentiment about the company’s ability to service the bond. Downgrading arises from the ability of the company to service the bond which can be observed from the financial status of the company. If the company is facing financial difficulties, it might be able to pay the bonds when they mature or service current interest rates. Current investor will lose the value of their investment hence can offload the bond which can further reduce the price because of the low demand. When the price will have fallen to the least possible, it can be attractive to new investors who think that the price will rise in future. 15. Junk Bonds. Merrito Inc. is a

Crime Causation and Diversion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crime Causation and Diversion - Essay Example Younger people are more inclined to take part in violence and this can lead to criminal activity. Violent behavior can lead to dangerous criminal activities in the society therefore state intervention is important in this regard. The Miami-Dade County Prevention Initiative is also designed by Miami’s Juvenile Services Department and it aims at helping the younger population who is going through family problems (Miami-Dade County Juvenile Services 1). The initiative also helps the youth of Miami who are at the risk of being arrested. The prevention program offers anger management, disruptive behavior, family issues and drug experimentation solutions to younger population. Violence Intervention Program Violence Intervention Program by the Miami Juvenile services department is an important step in order to restrict the violent streak of youth. Young people are more incline towards violence because they have defying nature. They want to go against everyone and are more probable to have an extreme approach towards life. There is a serious threat of violence from the youth and this can have a great impact on community peace. Such programs can help youth because they need a direction. Guidance is what they require and such programs offer them that. Young people who are violent are also more inclined to end up in juvenile prisons because violent behavior is a precursor of many crimes. Young people also resort to violence because they are at a stage in life where they are not aware of their aims and ambitions. This lack of direction allows them to tread on the path of violence where they are a threat to the society. Most juvenile crimes are as a result of violent behavior. Younger generation today is more open to movies and online games and this adds to their violent stream. There can be seen a surge of violence in the younger generation after popularity of video games and internet. Juvenile crimes are not done with some ill intention because young people are not mature enough to do that. Most juvenile crimes are a spur of moment thing and violent behavior plays a major role in those crimes. A simple argument in a public place can lead to a big fight among young members of the society just because one or both parties displayed violent behaviors towards each other. The program also aims at identifying causes of violent behavior in youth and then through intervention sessions systematically decrease that violent streak. Violence in youth can also be a product of the capitalistic system of the country where everyone is interested in getting the best deal. The focus is just on earning money and not on aesthetic values. Youth today will try to earn and spend more today instead of reading books or poetry. This is also a major reason of violent behavior of youth. Miami-Dade County Prevention Initiative This prevention initiative focuses on family issues that the youth face and tries to change the behavior patterns of young people. The program is a lso focusing on behavior difficulties that most youth face today. Family issues are increasing in today’s individualistic society and young members of the society are not equipped to handle such problems. They are not mature enough to understand family conflicts and complex issues. Therefore they react by taking out their frustration on the society. Family problems can definitely change the behavior of youth as they can become angry and can resolve to drug experimentation. For adolescents family

Joint Military Operations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Joint Military Operations - Assignment Example It was for this reason that it became necessary to use joint military operations, which was largely led by The Union Army of the Tennessee’s Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant. In this paper, there is further analysis of the entire joint military operations to understand the core elements that went into it, including its objectives, the fallouts from it, the centers of gravity, and major lines of operations used. One unique thing about almost all joint military operations is that fact that they are started with very specific strategic aims and objectives in mind. This was no different with the Vicksburg Campaign, which was undertaken with the prime aim of capturing Vicksburg, which was a fortress city that dominated the remaining Confederate-controlled section of the Mississippi River2. To achieve this aim, it was important to ensure that the whole Campaign was guided by specific objectives which defined the actions that needed to be taken. Two specific objectives stand out in the campaign. The first of this was to entrap the Confederate army which was under the control of Lt. Gen. John Pemberton. The second objective was to overwhelm the Confederates early enough so that they could not fully organize their defenses. By executing these two objectives successfully, the ultimate aim was expected to be attained. Primary evidence available shows that the objective of overwhelming the Confederates early enough so they could not fully organize their defenses was implemented by the use of immediate assault against Stockade Redan for May 19.3 This assault was later to go a long way to mark the desired end state. Regrettable for Grant however, the assault, which was the desired end state to bring about the achievement of the ultimate aim, did not succeed as expected. This made historian Shelby Foote record that Grant "did not regret having made the assaults; he only regretted that they had failed†4. The failed desired end state seemed to have been

Crime Causation and Diversion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crime Causation and Diversion - Essay Example Younger people are more inclined to take part in violence and this can lead to criminal activity. Violent behavior can lead to dangerous criminal activities in the society therefore state intervention is important in this regard. The Miami-Dade County Prevention Initiative is also designed by Miami’s Juvenile Services Department and it aims at helping the younger population who is going through family problems (Miami-Dade County Juvenile Services 1). The initiative also helps the youth of Miami who are at the risk of being arrested. The prevention program offers anger management, disruptive behavior, family issues and drug experimentation solutions to younger population. Violence Intervention Program Violence Intervention Program by the Miami Juvenile services department is an important step in order to restrict the violent streak of youth. Young people are more incline towards violence because they have defying nature. They want to go against everyone and are more probable to have an extreme approach towards life. There is a serious threat of violence from the youth and this can have a great impact on community peace. Such programs can help youth because they need a direction. Guidance is what they require and such programs offer them that. Young people who are violent are also more inclined to end up in juvenile prisons because violent behavior is a precursor of many crimes. Young people also resort to violence because they are at a stage in life where they are not aware of their aims and ambitions. This lack of direction allows them to tread on the path of violence where they are a threat to the society. Most juvenile crimes are as a result of violent behavior. Younger generation today is more open to movies and online games and this adds to their violent stream. There can be seen a surge of violence in the younger generation after popularity of video games and internet. Juvenile crimes are not done with some ill intention because young people are not mature enough to do that. Most juvenile crimes are a spur of moment thing and violent behavior plays a major role in those crimes. A simple argument in a public place can lead to a big fight among young members of the society just because one or both parties displayed violent behaviors towards each other. The program also aims at identifying causes of violent behavior in youth and then through intervention sessions systematically decrease that violent streak. Violence in youth can also be a product of the capitalistic system of the country where everyone is interested in getting the best deal. The focus is just on earning money and not on aesthetic values. Youth today will try to earn and spend more today instead of reading books or poetry. This is also a major reason of violent behavior of youth. Miami-Dade County Prevention Initiative This prevention initiative focuses on family issues that the youth face and tries to change the behavior patterns of young people. The program is a lso focusing on behavior difficulties that most youth face today. Family issues are increasing in today’s individualistic society and young members of the society are not equipped to handle such problems. They are not mature enough to understand family conflicts and complex issues. Therefore they react by taking out their frustration on the society. Family problems can definitely change the behavior of youth as they can become angry and can resolve to drug experimentation. For adolescents family

Cultural Sensitivity Essay Example for Free

Cultural Sensitivity Essay The San Joaquin Valley of California is nestled in the center of the state. Within the San Joaquin valley the rich culture of the Mexican people can be seen in almost every facet of living. There are also many nursing schools in the area, approximately five in the area in which I reside. The most current statistic from the census bureau regarding the percentage of Hispanics in Tulare County is 62. 3% (USCB, 2014). This means that over half of the inhabitants of the county are Hispanic. The knowledge, understanding and grasp of cultural sensitivity on the part of non-Hispanic as well as Hispanic nurses is paramount in being able to give the best possible care. The purpose of this writing is to inform the reader of the need to address cultural sensitivity towards the Mexican and Mexican American people and their battle with diabetes. This is a very prevalent disease in this county and amongst this ethnic group. Cultural competency is paramount in communicating effectively and getting the message across that diabetes is a serious but manageable condition (Grant and Letzring, 2003). Mexican American Culture and Diabetes In the Tulare, County area the Mexican American culture can be seen in all areas of healthcare. Many of these people are diabetic. Cultural and dietary differences create challenges in dealing with diabetics in this demographic. Nurses that are culturally competent to their town, city, state or country and who understand what makes up their population may find it more manageable to communicate with their Hispanic patients (Wood, 2004). An excellent article on this subject is entitled Leisure time activity of Mexican Americans with diabetes. This article deals with the issue of Mexican Americans and what they do or do not do in their leisure time and how it affects their diabetes. The aim of the research was to find the proportion of Mexican Americans with diabetes who do and do not exercise as well as preferred types of leisure time 3 Cultural Sensitivity according to age and gender. In addition, the question of the relationship between leisure time activity and treatment of diabetes is discussed. This study found that only six of every ten Mexican Americans with diabetes exercise (Wood, 2003). It was also found that gardening and walking were the most preferred type of leisure time activity. Cultural differences are machismo, language barriers and spiritual beliefs. This can make it challenging for the treating nurse to accomplish his or her tasks. Nurses and Mexican Culture Nurses may find it challenging however, understanding the Mexican culture and learning more of their language is most helpful. In professional practice a registered nurse will find it helpful in knowing that in the Mexican culture it is common for the man to be the strong leader of his family. Also, the men will not want to be present during visits to the Doctor for what they deem as female problems which can be anything from a UTI to a breast exam. In addition there is a culture of hot and cold that affects much of the health and lifestyle of the Mexican American patient. Many refer to placing heat on a hurt area, thereby increasing inflammation to what may be an injury. At other times ice is placed on an area of the foot that is itching. The itching is coming from a tingling they feel that is related to diabetic neuropathy. It should be noted that many Mexican Americans are what many term as Americanized, meaning that they are and have become mainstream in the American culture vs the Mexican culture. However, because many are raised by Mexican parents they too, are just like many of us, bicultural with one culture being dominant. Touch is also an important aspect for nurses to consider in treating the Mexican American. In those that are Americanized this is not an issue. However, for those that are still deeply rooted in their Mexican culture the sex of a nurse could be an issue and create barriers to 4 Cultural Sensitivity care. An example of this would be a male nurse treating a married female. These types of circumstances can make treating their diabetes more difficult. Wood states that In the USA, Mexican Americans are twice as likely to have diabetes then non-Hispanic whites. This deems attention to the need for nurses to be culturally competent. Some of the competencies a nurse needs in treating the Mexican American patient are finding out if they speak English, if they raised in the United States, and finding whether they are second, third or fourth generation and so on. In treating the Mexican American patient the nurse can also offer information in a simple manner. Many times, due to a macho personality that has been glorified in the culture the patient may feel offended or condescended to. In addition one can simplify too much and this too could compound the problem. There is a fine balance that can be made easier to navigate by conversing and educating patients in what may seem a non-clinical approach. Conclusion The need for nurses to be culturally competent is paramount in giving the best possible care. In this group being competent in knowing how to treat a Mexican American patient in the best way possible is to be sensitive in communication by addressing the patient and at times the entire family as this is very normal for their culture. The article that is the subject of this writing concludes by stating several of their findings one of which is that employment and responsibilities limits the time they have for leisure to early evenings when it is dark and safety becomes an issue. Treating diabetes in this ethnic group is best done by realizing what the culture believes, thinks and what it is they eat. I find the eating part just as enjoyable as the rest. 5 Cultural Sensitivity References Barker, A. M. Denisco, S. M. (2013). Advanced practice nursing: Evolving roles for the transformation of the profession. (2nd ed. ). Connecticut: Jones and Bartlett. Grant, MS, RN, L. , Letzring, JD, EdD, T. (2003). Status of Cultural Competence in Nursing Education. The Journal of Multicultural Nursing Health, 9(2), 6-6. United States Census Bureau. (2014, December 4). Retrieved January 21, 2015, from http://quickfacts. census. gov/qfd/states/00000. html Wood, F. (2004). Leisure time activity of Mexican Americans with diabetes. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 45(2), 190-196.

The Origins Of Theatre And Playwrights English Literature Essay

The Origins Of Theatre And Playwrights English Literature Essay This essay aims to discuss the effectiveness of political theatre in causing social change, looking specifically at the practice of the contemporary political playwright Augusto Boal including the influence of social theorist Karl Marx on Boals work and how Marxism affected Boals style of theatre. This essay will begin by looking at the origins of theatre and how it has been used since then as a medium of promoting political thought. However, in order to understand political theatre we must first be able to understand what is mean by politics, the Oxford Reference Dictionary (1991:647) describes something political as affecting the State or its Government; of public affairs. From this definition we are able to deduce that political theatre is theatre that is produced in order to affect or influence the community and those in power with regard to public affairs. This type of theatre has been used and enjoyed since the very beginning of theatre as we know it today, which began in Ancie nt Greece in the celebration of the festival of Dionysos, the God of ecstasy. The festival included prayer and procession as well as singing and dancing, there may also have been groups of performers who would answer each other through the medium of song or dance. It is believed that it was Thespis who stood out and performed first without the chorus, and thus creating what we understand to be a protagonist. (GREEK THEATRE 1) Competitions then began to take place during the festivals in which playwrights would enter their plays to be performed, either a tragedy, or a comedy and satyr play. The Greek playwrights would present the audience with ideas to think about and reflect over; during the plays a Parabasis, or stepping aside would take place, this was an opportunity for the playwright to comment upon the state of city affairs or anything else that he so wished. Aristophanes thought that, the dramatist should not only offer pleasure but should, besides that, be a teacher of morali ty and a political advisor.(in Boal 2008:xiii) In his plays, Aristophanes would satirise the most important people of the day, in between the scenes the chorus would perform short, satirical pieces of song and dance always attacking well known individuals by name, for example he ridiculed the demagogue Kleon in his play Babylonians. However, a plays success depended on the funding from the wealthy aristocracy ay the time, the choragus therefore the plays produced may be seen to reflect the view of the choregus rather than that of the playwright, because without them a play would not have the funding to be performed. Greek society was much controlled by the economic minority, the Bourgeoisie, but nothing was done to change this. This state of affairs in Ancient Greece is very similar to the social situation that Karl Marx was fighting against when he introduced his communist manifesto; the alternative to capitalism. Marx believed that human beings have been conditioned throughout his tory to behave a certain way by economic institutions and that in order for an equal society without a social hierarchy then the proletariat must seize power from the bourgeoisie through a social revolution and place everything in collective ownership. In his book Theatre of the Oppressed Augusto Boal writes how Marx believed that art is a key way of offering knowledge, but this knowledge is conveyed from the perspective of the artist, social surroundings or whoever provides sponsorship or payment. Mainly, it is the part of society that maintains economic power that holds control over any means of communication. Bordwell and Thompson (in Woodson, no date) back this up: Each art form is controlled, not by the artists, but by larger social institutions. In a capitalist society, an artist may believe he or she is using the art form for personal expression, but he or she is actually producing merchandise of a kind acceptable to the society. It is only from the arrival of Karl Marx and his theories on socialism that playwrights and practitioners have begun to use theatre as a means for change. Bertolt Brecht was greatly influenced by the Marxist theory because he too wanted to create change, the major goal of the historical avant-garde was to challenge the institution of bourgeois art (Kistenberg 1995:29); Pescator described Brechts work as a Marxist-based analysis of social relations. Brecht agreed with Marx that it was the capitalists that created the bourgeois society, and that drama can be used as a medium of didacticism. It was from this belief that Brecht adopted Piscators form of avant-garde theatre known as epic theatre. Epic theatre has many parallels with Cartesian tradition in which people are encouraged into rational thought; it underlines the socio-political content of drama rather than trying to manipulate the emotions of the audience. Brecht stated that there must be a transformation of psychological confl ict into historic condition (in Basuki no date) in theatre in order to release the self and to create rational thought. This Cartesian belief is needed so that neither the audience nor the actor tries to empathise with the action and characters on stage and are able to view the action with a critical mind. In order to do this Brecht proposed that theatre needed to give to the audience a process of alienation because alienation is necessary to all understanding (Brecht in Basuki no date) so that they are able to form an opinion unfettered by empathy. The term Brecht used to describe this distancing of the audience is Verfremdungseffekt, which when translated, means alienation. In a description about epic theatre Brecht gives an explanation about the difference between a spectator watching dramatic theatre and one watching epic theatre: The dramatic theatres spectator says: Yes, I have felt like that too-Just like me-Its only natural-Itll never change-The suffering of this man appals me, because they are inescapable-Thats great art; it all seems the most obvious thing in the world-I weep when they weep, I laugh when they laugh. The epic theatres spectator says: Id never have thought it-thats not the way-Thats extraordinary, hardly believable-Its got to stop-The sufferings of this man appal me, because they are unnecessary-Thats great art: nothing obvious in it-I laugh when they weep, I weep when they laugh (Brecht in Basuki no date) This quote from Brecht shows us how he intended epic theatre to work and its popularity among playwrights and directors is a great example of how successful epic theatre is as a form of didacticism. However, in Brechts plays the separation between the stage and the audience is still present. The spectator is persuaded to think the thoughts and opinions that presented to them through the action on stage because it is the playwrights who condemns the characters or the events that have taken place; the audiences thoughts are merely pointed in the right direction by the dramatist (OPPRESSED xx) Augusto Boal, though highly influenced by the likes of Marx and Brecht took the format of epic theatre to a new level. He found ways of combining Marxist theory with new ways of writing and analysis. He believed that in order to liberate the audience from the constraints of stage and spectator, they themselves must be part of what is happening on stage To transform is to be transformed.(Boal 2008: xxi) and thus becoming spect-actors. From this belief Boal created the Theatre of the Oppressed in which the audience are asked to intercede, and suggest the next course of action for the actors to perform or actually perform themselves, whilst the actors assist and persuade the audience to take the role of a spect-actor. For example, in forum theatre, the actors perform a short play with which ends with unresolved oppression and then it is performed again but this time the spect-actor is able to become involved and suggest ways to fix the oppression. Boal saw the spectators invasion of the stage as a symbolic moment in their transformation, This invasion is a symbolic trespass. It symbolises all the acts of trespass we have to commit in order to free ourselves from what oppresses us. (Boal 2008:xxi) By doing this the spect-actor is made aware of what he needs to do in order to change the situation in his real social setting, and by breaking down the wall between spectator and acto r, Boal also breaks the wall between the oppressor and the oppressed. (BOAL ESSAY) English Theatre company Cardboard citizens is one of the leading producers of Forum Theatre in the UK, this company is made up of homeless people or those at risk of becoming homeless. Cardboard Citizens tour the UK, performing for other Homeless people, and as it states on their website, aiming to problem-solve together. (CARDBOARD WEBSITE) Although this is an excellent way of trying to create social change, it may be the case that the company perform to an audience who are already aware of the situation being presented to them, and are therefore preaching to the converted. In The Transparent Closet: Gay Theatre for Straight Audiences, Richard Hall (in Kistenberg 1995:76) suggests: Theatre is inefficient as an instrument for social change. It either speaks to those already in support of its views, or to those who are so secure in their power that they dont mind hearing themselves abused, as long as the abuse is entertaining. Although theatre is an excellent form of communication, it is unable to access the parts of society in which people do not watch theatre that is seen to be anything other than mainstream entertainment i.e. Musicals etc. This then stops the theatre from being its most effective. As well as this, political theatre may become an outlet for people to confirm their opinions, for example, David Hares play Stuff Happens was written as a reaction to the Iraq War, somebody who has negative beliefs about this event may watch the play just so their opinions are confirmed. This again may stop the theatre from being at its most effective. Although Cardboard Citizens use of forum theatre has helped many homeless peoples situations and is working to gain understanding of the struggles homeless people encounter, Elizabeth Burns states that the audience view themselves as part of a performance rather than performance as part of their lives (in Kistenberg 1995:32) She believes that the audience are me rely props for the actors and that because they are in a state of being neither fully part of the performance nor full separate then it isnt much different from their usual role as spectator. If this is the case then the spectators of Cardboard Citizens performances, even if they were able to present their theatre to a much wider and varied kind of audience, would not be much changed by what they have seen. Boals next step in creating social change could be seen to have a great impact on society, he generated a form of theatre named Legislative Theatre in which theatre is used to create an active and practical change in society. Boal ran for election and was voted in to be one of 42 vereadores  of Rio, (BOAL ESSAY) he used his new political position to create Legislative Theatre. In this type of theatre Boal attempted To use theatre within a political system to create a truer from of democracy (Boal 2008:i) This type of theatre uses all the techniques of the theatre of the oppressed in order to create new laws, Boal would take his theatre to the streets of Rio and asked the people what they thought of certain issues then proposed his findings to the council chamber. In this way he was able to put forward laws to be passed that had a significant impact on the people of Rio, for example, one law that was passed was one which protected the witnesses of crimes. (LEGISLATIVE THEATRE 104). Theatre is not just about entertaining the masses; it provides a means in which to get a message across. Although all of theatre could be said to be political in a broader sense, it is political theatre that has been established as designing a theatre that is left wing and that expresses the need for radical change. Political theatre has thrived under oppressive governments as a means of communicating political opinions; however this has not always been the case. In spite of how seemingly political Greek theatre appears the censorship of the plays provides evidence towards the fact that it was not and it did little to challenge and change the social hierarchy of the time because it was controlled by the people in power. Greek theatre started by being interactive and an open form of communication; however the right to speak was taken away when the citizens were split into chorus and audience. It is seemingly ironic then that it was someone speaking out of turn that first created this form of theatre but by being made to be the audience the rest were stifled. Looking back at how political theatre has developed over the years it is clear of the relevance of each individual practitioner at the respective times in which they were writing, for example, in the years of extreme censorship by the Bourgeoisie when Brecht was writing he was one of the first practitioners to use theatre to make people aware of their situation therefore enlightening them because it was the first time they had been shown the truth. However now, in the 21st Century when people are able to access, via the means of the internet for example, all types of imformation without censorship they are given the opportunity through practices such as Boals to actively change society. Boals Legislative Theatre encapsulates the aim of political theatre. As Brecht used Epic theatre in order to create social change, Boal took his format and physically created change through the placement of new laws. This is ultimately the aim of political theatre, to release the oppressed from the op pressor. Conclusion. Zortman (2) says that The avant-garde artists were denounced as breeders of the proletarian world revolution Quotes 356 / 1403words.